Will Roberts, University of Richmond Class of 2021, Summer 2020
Note from the Author: This article is a work in progress. A final version will be published here in December. In the meantime, I encourage comments, feedback and quarrels. You can contact me at william.roberts@richmond.edu.
Table of Contents:
Part II: Place in Richmond City Jail Rap Lyrics
Part III: Mass Incarceration and the Informant Institution
Endnotes
Part I:
1 McGraw, Andy. “Incarcerating the Commonwealth’s Poor” Chapter. In, “Sounding the Commonwealth: Music, Sound, and Ethics In An American Community” Page 61. Under Review.
2 Nielson, Erik, Andrea L. Dennis, and Killer Mike. “Hip Hop: From The Margins to the Mainstream .” Chapter. In Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America, 54. New York: The New Press, 2019.
3 Oware, Matthew. “(Constructed) Authenticity.” Section in I Got Something To Say: Gender, Race, and Social Consciousness. 43-47. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
4 Oware, Matthew. “(Constructed) Authenticity.” Section in I Got Something To Say: Gender, Race, and Social Consciousness. 43-46. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
5 Rose, Tricia. “Just Keeping It Real.” Chapter. In, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop, 144. Basic Civitas Books, 2008.
6 Rose, Tricia. “Just Keeping It Real.” Chapter. In, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop, 133-135. Basic Civitas Books, 2008.
7 Rose, Tricia. Introduction. In, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop, 9. Basic Civitas Books, 2008.
8 Rose, Tricia. “Prophets of Rage: Rap Music and the Politics of Black Cultural Expression .” Essay. In Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America, 99–106. Hanover: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1994.
9 Rose, Tricia. “Just Keeping It Real.” Chapter. In, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop, 135. Basic Civitas Books, 2008.
10 Nielson, Erik, Andrea L. Dennis, and Killer Mike. “Rap Enters The Courtroom” Chapter. In Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America, 68-74. New York: The New Press, 2019.
11 Nielson, Erik, Andrea L. Dennis, and Killer Mike. “Rap Enters The Courtroom” Chapter. In Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America, 67. New York: The New Press, 2019.
12 Nielson, Erik, Andrea L. Dennis, and Killer Mike. Foreword to Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America, xi. New York: The New Press, 2019.
13 Nielson, Erik, Andrea L. Dennis, and Killer Mike. “Hip Hop: From the Margins to the Mainstream” Chapter. In Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America, 56. New York: The New Press, 2019.
14 Dyson, Michael Eric., and Meta DuEwa Jones . “How Real Is This? Prisons, IPods, Pimps, and the Search for Authentic Homes .” Essay. In Know What I Mean? Reflections on Hip Hop, 14. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007.
15 Schenwar, Maya. Law, Victoria. Introduction to Prison By Any Other Name, 10. The New Press, New York, 2020.
16 Rose, Tricia. “Prophets of Rage: Rap Music and the Politics of Black Cultural Expression .” Essay. In Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America, 100. Hanover: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1994.
17 Dyson, Michael Eric., and Meta DuEwa Jones . “How Real Is This? Prisons, IPods, Pimps, and the Search for Authentic Homes .” Essay. In Know What I Mean? Reflections on Hip Hop, 13. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2007.
18 Forman, Murray. The ‘Hood Comes First: Race, Space, and Place in Rap and Hip-Hop, xviii. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2002.
Part II
1 Williams, Michael Paul. “We Remain two Richmonds – RVA blossomed while Richmond is being left further and further behind,” In Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 24, 2017.
2 Ibid
3 Oware, Matthew. “Urban Spaces and Bodies” Section in I Got Something To Say: Gender, Race, and Social Consciousness, 25. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
Part III
1 Alexander, Michelle. Introduction to The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, 2. New York: New Press, 2020.
2 Baldwin, James. No Name in the Street, 143-144. Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 1972.
3 Schenwar, Maya. Law, Victoria. Introduction to Prison By Any Other Name, 92. The New Press, New York, 2020.
4 Schenwar, Maya. Law, Victoria. “Communities As Open-air-prisons” Chapter. In, Prison By Any Other Name. The New Press, New York, 2020.
5 Schenwar, Maya. Law, Victoria. “Communities As Open-air-prisons” Chapter. In, Prison By Any Other Name, 154. The New Press, New York, 2020.
6 Oliver, Ned. “In One of Richmond’s Highest Crime Neighborhoods, a Plea for Police Accountability. ‘There’s No Respect.’.” Virginia Mercury, 14 July 2020. (Link in text)
7 Natapoff, Alexandra. “The Real Deal: Understanding Snitching” In Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice, 15-16. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
8 Alexander, Michelle. “The Lockdown: Bad Deal.” Chapter. In, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, 110. New York: New Press, 2020.
9 Alexander, Michelle. “The Lockdown: Bad Deal.” Chapter. In, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, 109 -112. New York: New Press, 2020.
10 Natapoff, Alexandra. “Secret Justice” Chapter. In, Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice, 89. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
11 Ibid
12 Alexander, Michelle. “The Lockdown: Bad Deal.” Chapter. In, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, 109 -112. New York: New Press, 2020.
13 Link to 2018 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines.
14 Natapoff, Alexandra. “Beyond Unreliable” Chapter. In, Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice, 70. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
15 Natapoff, Alexandra. “Snitching in the ‘Hood” Chapter. In, Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice, 112-114. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
16 Natapoff, Alexandra. “Snitching in the ‘Hood” Chapter. In, Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice, 103. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
17 Nielson, Erik, Andrea L. Dennis, and Killer Mike. “Hip Hop: From the Margins to the Mainstream” Chapter. In Rap on Trial: Race, Lyrics, and Guilt in America, 55. New York: The New Press, 2019.
18 Natapoff, Alexandra. “Snitching in the ‘Hood” Chapter. In, Snitching: Criminal Informants and the Erosion of American Justice, 111. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
19 Baldwin, James. No Name in the Street, 144. Vintage Books, a Division of Random House, Inc., 1972.